Determining Shareholder Value Analysis Through Performance Management

Introduction:Although stockholder value prosodies and value-based direction are widely identified and good known, but they are far from being universally applied. Old ages of restructuring and employee layoffs frequently attributed to stockholder value considerations attached with self-interested direction and small sighted and concentrate on current stock monetary value has promoted defeat and uncertainness. Therefore, it is critical to understand the stockholder value attack and its discrepancies. Additionally, it is indispensable for the stockholder value attack that the aims of the troughs and the company ‘s stockholders have to be aligned and should be focused on presenting superior stockholder value. Known the globalisation of capital markets and their worsening boundaries, economic systems will bit by bit run out of capital if they are non capable to make stockholder wealth and therefore attract investors. If economic systems are incapable to supply superior or at least fulfilling returns they will fall in further and further buttocks in planetary competition and will drop employment chances. Therefore, a value-based system grows in significance, as capital becomes more nomadic ( O'Donnell, 2008 ) . Anyhow, this theoretical base research seeks to supply critical rating of mensurating stockholder wealth through the qualitative and quantitative techniques, such as economic value creative activity ( EVC ) . Falling within the model of EVC are a figure of similar constructs utilizing legion acronyms, such as EVA ( economic value added ) SVA ( stockholder value analysis ) , VBM ( value-based direction ) and qualitative steps i.e. , quality, client satisfaction, larning and invention and internal concern procedures ( equilibrate scorecard ) . These constructs all represent ways to associate the strategic determinations at executive degree with the operational drivers used by the front-line directors and employees ( Schuster, 2000 ) . This research will concentrate merely, on the construct of stockholder value and their determiners. Shareholder value analysis ( SVA ) is one of the legion non-traditional prosodies used in the concern universe. SVA evaluates the fiscal value of a company by measuring the return that goes to their shareholders. SVA besides supports company managers by concentrating on strategic aims as it maximises the wealth of company shareholders in general ( Baker, 2001 ) . Therefore, SVA is value-based step, intended to measure concern schemes, capital undertakings, maximizing the long-run stockholders wealth etc ( Pike and Neal, 2006 ) .3. Background:The basic construct of value is traceable back in clip to the nineteenth century economic theory that leads the manner to the thought of â€Å" Residual Income † ( Magni, 2009 ) . However, the term Value-based Management and acronyms such as VBM or MSV ( pull offing for stockholder value ) have non used until the mid-1990s. VBM is a formal, systematic attack to pull offing companies to achieve the aim of maximizing value creative activity and stockholder value overtime ( McTaggart et al, 1994 ) and stockholder value direction and its analysis has been greatly stressed and introduced in late by doodly-squat Welshman. Value-based direction is a systematic attack to direction, whereby the company ‘s overall aspirations, logical techniques, and direction procedures ( should aline ) to assist the company to maximize its value by concentrating direction determination doing on the cardinal drivers of value ( Copeland et al, 2000 ) . Value-based direction became popular in the mid-1980s when Alfred Rappaport published his descriptive text, â€Å" Making Shareholder Value † . However, stockholder value orientation is common in concerns and it is still on high dB argument either the manageraˆ?s exclusive focal point should be to raise the firmaˆ?s value. Therefore, this factor pushes me to follow and acquire on with this research analysis in deep. In new epoch the New Standard for Business Performance has been developing. Companies such as Boots, Lloyds TSB, and Cadbury Schweppes were shortly doing unfastened public committednesss to mounting value for their stockholders ( Maple-croft, 2005 ) . So we can state that stockholder value is a concern term, which entails the critical step of a company ‘s success and stockholders ‘ value by and large understood through three cardinal elements likely, making value ( procedures ) , mensurating value ( EVA and MVA ) and pull offing for value that is administration, direction, administration, civilization and communicating ( ICMA, 2009 ) . Corporations retained their earning for growing and development usually they invest in employee preparation, and in other concern procedures like physical assets merely to acquire more enhancement ; and this sweetening increases the stockholders value in concern in financial signifier ( Jhunjhunwala, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Rapport, ( 1986 ) :The SVA used in several ways as,It is refer to the market capitalisation of a company. It is mentioning to the construct of the primary end for a company is to increase the wealth of stockholders ( proprietors ) by paying dividends and/or doing the stock monetary value to increase ( Rapport, 1986 ) . It is refer to the more specific impression that planned actions by direction and the returns to stockholders should surpass certain benchmarks such as the cost of capital construct ( Swensen, 2000 ) . In kernel, the thought â€Å" stockholders ‘ money should be used to gain a higher return † than they could gain themselves by puting in other assets holding the same sum of hazard ( Rapport, 1986 ) . If hazards are at that place so there must be answerability has to be exist so answerability of concern at all degrees increased perceptual experiences of value-added in concern ( Baker, 2001 ) . In recent old ages increasing acknowledgment that business-based intangible assets are great drivers of value. Business base parametric quantities can recognize as a taking force in creative activity and for direction of these market based assets. To make this we must present common model for public presentation measuring and its part in value- added direction for the interest of stockholders ( Reimann, 1987 ) .4. Performance Management:Historically, public presentation step systems was developed as a agency of monitoring and keeping organizational control, which is the procedure o f guaranting that an administration pursues schemes that lead to the accomplishment of overall ends and aims ( Nanni, et al 1990 ) . Performance step plays a critical function in every administration, as it is frequently position as a advanced system of measurings that assist directors to foretell the company ‘s economic public presentation and topographic point the demand for alterations in operations. In add-on, public presentation step can supply directors, supervisors, and operators with information required for doing day-to-day opinions and determinations ( Reimann, 1987 ) . Performance step uses by administrations on a regular basis, as it enables them to guarantee that they are accomplishing uninterrupted betterments in their operations in order to prolong a competitory border, addition market portion and increase net incomes. Traditional steps public presentation step has chiefly been fiscal mensurating ratios such as ROI ( Return on Investment ) , RI ( Residual Income ) , and EPS ( Earnings per portion ) ( Pike and Neal, 2006 ) . These cost associated prosodies histories help house ‘s topographic point countries in which capital invested profitlessly. So regular opinion through strategic survey must in topographic point to accomplish and modulate direction focal point consequently.5. Strategic Management:Strategic managementA can be used to find mission, vision, values, ends, aims, functions and duties, timelines etc, but at strategic degree. So strategic direction can specify as its: â€Å" Strategic direction is the set of managerial determinations and actions that determines the long-term public presentation of an administration ( Robbins and Coulter, 2005: P-86 ) † . Harmonizing to Favaro, ( 2003 ) doing top direction more accountable for mounting the company ‘s intrinsic value is the key to protecting stockholder involvements. The top direction should understand the importance of strategic survey when there is inquiry of how to increase the stockholders wealth through concern procedures, it is leads long-run strategic thought, and it consequences in higher organisational public presentation. The bulk executives today understand that the demand to make stockholder value is critical. However, many discover that attempts to present on this cardinal are frustrated in pattern. Turning concerns and bettering profitableness by traditional factors often fail to gain the assurance of investors. Higher market portion and broader client acknowledgment go unrecognised, or even worse, which are punishing by the capital markets. By and large, the most competitory direction squads are reacting to the force per unit area to make value by implementation ne w public presentation prosodies and new theoretical accounts for pull offing their companies. As strategic director, they get ready to rush up that passage. In most instances, strategic direction aid by transform their administrations with the undermentioned factors: By deriving a superior apprehension of what drives value, By redesigning fiscal direction systems to analyze and describe information from the position of part to value, and By developing a powerful inducements system for directors to construct stockholder wealth Strategic direction squad transport a logical, consistent model for nearing strategic and tactical determinations from a value-based position. When suitably implemented, this model becomes a true beginning of competitory advantage that eventually turns in to maximal stockholders wealth.6. A value based attack:Increased stockholder value should be the concluding end of any history able concern activity. By acquiring better client value and pull offing market-based assets, concern activities contribute to hard currency flow coevals, which leads to improved stockholder value. SVA is the doctrines for merchandise or service of combined attempts from the direction to the employees in big ( Pike and Neal, 2006 ) .7. Sustainable Business Scheme:The authoritative conversation on concern scheme for sustainability has started in the concern and this conversation is greater than earlier ; and this is from consumers, employees, and stockholders on a common intent and a passion for companies that do good by making good. Any scheme without sustainability at its nucleus can be obviously irresponsible, and bad for concern, bad for stockholders, bad for the environment in big. These challenges represent alone chances for large trade names such as Dell, Toyota, Procter & A ; Gamble, and that are implementing built-in, instead than sideline, schemes for sustainability. These companies are making as by confirming practical model for alteration ( Presto, 2005 ) which involves prosecuting employees, utilizing transparence as a concern tool, and harvesting the wagess of a networked organisational construction ( Werbach, 2009 ) . Leave your old impressions of corporate societal duty and environmentalism behind ( more draw back ) . Werbach, ( 2009 ) is get downing a wholly new duologue around sustainability of endeavor. Sustainability is now a great and really competitory strategic advantage, and constructing it into the nucleus of any concern and research worker ( I ) believe, it is t he lone means to guarantee that your company will be survive and companies can construct more of their stockholders value in pecuniary term.8. Economic Value added ( EVA ) :EVA is the innovation of Stern Stewart & A ; Co. , a planetary consulting house, which launched EVA in 1989 ( Virtanen and Salami 2001 ) . EVA is Economic Value Added, a step of economic net income. It is calculate as the difference between the Net Operating Net income after Tax ( NOPAT ) and the chance cost of invested Capital. This chance cost is determines by the leaden mean cost of Debt and Equity Capital ( WACC ) and the sum of Capital employed ( Joseph et al. , 2005 ) . Harmonizing to Stewart, ( 1991 ) given the utility of the step, many companies have adopted it as portion of a comprehensive direction and inducement system that drives their determination procedures. They strive to increase their EVA by: Increasing the NOPAT generated by bing Capital Reducing the WACC Investing in new undertakings where the Return go over the WACC Depriving Capital where the Return is below the WACC Such focal point on value creative activity has provided and served the stockholders good and this is the right manner. 9. Market Value Added: MVA is a computation that demonstrates the difference between the market value of a company and the capital contributed by investors ( both bondholders and stockholders ) .A In other words, it is the amount of full capital claims, which held against the company, plus the market value of debt and equity. It is calculated as MVA= Company ‘s Market Value- Invested Capital ( Lin and Wang, 2003 ; Stock research, 2009 ) . 10. Difference between economic value added and market value added: Economic value addedA ( EVA ) is a public presentation step the true economic net income produced by a company ( Baker, 2001 ) . It is often besides demoted to as â€Å" economic net income † , and provides a measuring of a company ‘s economic success ( or failure ) A over a period. Such a metric is utile for investors who desire to find how good a company has produced value for its investors, and it can be compare against the company ‘s equals for a speedy analysis of how good the company is runing in its industry ( Pike and Neal, 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Tauba, 2003 ) market value addedA ( MVA ) , on the other manus, is merely the difference between the current sum market value of a company and the capital contributed by investors ( including both stockholders and bondholders ) . MVA is non a public presentation metric like EVA because MVA reflecting more likely intangible prosodies compare to EVA so EVA is a wealth metric is straight related to stockholders wealth and mensurating the degree of value, and a company has accumulated them over clip ( Taube, 2003 ) . As a company executes good over clip, it will retain earnings.A This will retrieve the book value ofA the company'sA portions, and investors will probably offer up the monetary values ofA those portions in outlook of future net incomes, doing the company ‘s market value to lift ( Taube, 2003 ) . As this happens, the difference between the company ‘s market value and the capital contributed by investors ( it is MVA ) represents the extra monetary va lue the market assigns to the company because of it past operating successes.11. Advantages of Shareholder value analysis:SVA has the undermentioned advantages: ( Aglietta, 2000 ) : It obtains a long-run fiscal position on which to establish strategic determinations It offers a universal and general attack that is non capable to differences in companies ‘ accounting policies and is hence applicable internationally and across concern sectors It forces the organisation to do topographic point and focal point on the hereafter and its clients, peculiarly the value of future hard currency flows Advantages are great as these been described earlier and these forces company ‘s direction to follow and understand the model for mensurating SVA.12. A model for Determining SVA:Harmonizing to Tahir and Conway, ( 2009, pp-7 ) All finding Framework should hold implicit in rules and that prosodies should be link to concern scheme and those cardinal elements which as followers:Tax return on selling investing:Shareholder value is calculate by spliting the estimated entire net value of a company based on its present and future hard currency flows by the value of its portions of stock. The resulting figure indicates the company ‘s value to shareholders ( Pike and Neal, 2006 ) .Customer satisfaction:Satisfaction is the major driver through which keeping rate of client ( repeat purchase ) achieved, greater the merchandise and service public presentation greater the client delectation, which has ultimate, impact on more gross revenues therefore stockholders wealth can be increase ( Kotler and Armstrong, 2002 ) . Without vacillation, the stakeholder group seen to make the greatest challenge to the laterality of stockholder involvements is clients. It is inexplicit that no company can make great wealth for its stockholders without a stable and turning gross base watercourse, which can merely come from holding really satisfied and loyal clients. However, this consequence is by no agencies mechanical. It is possible to achieve high degrees of client satisfaction and yet be unable to interpret this supposed advantage into adequate returns for stockholders, allow entirely great wealth ( CIM, 2002 ) . In add-ons, client satisfaction will take topographic point when the merchandise or service meets or exceeds outlooks and is obtained at a monetary value no higher than its evident value. Furthermore, to the value perceived by clients, every merchandise and service besides contributes some to stockholder value. The size of this part will depend on the volume sold, the monetary value realized, the cost of doing and presenting the Product and service to clients and the needed investing. These factors interrelate to bring forth a hard currency flow watercourse for the concern. The present value of this hard currency flow watercourse determines the pecuniary advantage to stockholders of bring forthing and selling the merchandise or service ( McTaggart and Kontes, 2007 ) .Market portion in targeted sections:The company scheme must work to increase the figure of clients on regular footing as greater the figure of metameric market greater the public presentation of the company.Brand equity: Harmonizing to Doyle, ( 2001 ) Brand is now, recognised by investors as a important beginning of strength and value for concern selling scheme. Brand equity of a company drama positive function in increasing the wealth of their stockholders ; so in this respect, direction plants and develop business-marketing scheme, which must do alliance with trade name and its development ( Baker, 2001 ) .Enterprise administration:It is the set of duties and patterns exercised by the board and effectual direction with the end of supplying and implying strategic way through guaranting organizational aims have achieved, and besides determining that the hazards are managed suitably by verifying that the administration ‘s resources are used sanely ( Denis and McConnell, 2003 ) . In concern, a common set of recognized concern theoretical accounts and a procedure for developing a set of prosodies related to hard currency flow results and it is of import to cognize it is the cardinal country of SVA programmes. Harmonizing to Tahir and Conway, ( 2009 ) to accomplish stockholders value the sustainable value creative activity attack is of import. Using the sustainable value attack ( as above ) economic, environmental and societal resources are assessed ( strategic survey ) and aggregated based on their comparative value part and can be articulate in a pecuniary unit or can be quantify.13. Research Purpose:The cardinal purpose of this thesis is to analyze the determiners of stockholders value analysis through a holistic attack by reexamining and analyzing how involvements of stockholders, are protected, and constrained throughout the life of a company. So the purpose of my thesis can be explained as it is: â€Å" Determining of Shareholder Value Analysis ( SVA ) Through Performance Management in Commercial Sector †13.1. Research Aims:What are the functions of stockholders value analysis in the strategic corporate scheme in the commercial sector?What are the determiners that play significance function to increase the stockholders wealth in the commercial sector? How do the value added determiners ( touchable and intangible ) have important impact on stockholders wealth in the commercial sector?14. Choice of Research Methodology14.1 Research ClassificationsResearch can sort into three groups as Pure Research, Applied Research, and Action Research ( Easterby-Smith & A ; Lowe 1991 ) . Each of these are distinguished by their features and intended results. These could be view as the followers: Pure research is indent to take to theoretical developments. It is consequences are circulating to an academic audience. Pure research can farther be branched into three categories- Discovery, Invention, and Reflection. Discovery arises when a new thought or account emerges from empirical research, which may revolutionise believing that that specific country. They are rare and unpredictable ( Easterby-Smith & A ; Lowe 1991 ) . Invention occurs where a new technique, method, or thought creates for a peculiar issue, based on the direct experiences of their discoverers. Examples include Scientific Management Total Quality Management ( TQM ) . Contemplation like the one the name suggests, occurs where an bing theory technique or group of thoughts are re-examined. Applied Research is undertaken when solutions to specific jobs are required. It normally involves working with clients who identify the jobs and are involved in the solution. The consequences so reported to the client and disseminated through diaries and other publications ( Sutherland, 2004 ) . Action Research deals with the position that research should take to alter, which should integrate into the research procedure itself. It operates based on engagement ( Salford University, 1999 ) , and stresses the importance of set uping a collaborative relationship between the research workers and researched a â€Å" new paradigm † research attack. It is largely utile when working with persons or little groups ( Easterby – Smith & A ; Lowe 1991 ) and most suited to state of affairss where alteration has planned or at hand ( Salford University, 1999 ) . The research procedure itself is portion of the acquisition procedure.14.2 MethodologyHarmonizing to Burns and Bush, ( 2006 ) methodological analysis refers to the scientific discipline of finding appropriate methods to carry on research. Collis and Hussy, ( 2003, pp-82 ) refer the word research: â€Å" Methodology associates to the overall attack to the research procedure, which is theoretical base of aggregation and analysis of the information, considered † . Similarly, the analysis of the rules of methods, regulations, and posit ( hypnotized or assume ) employed by a subject the systematic survey of methods that are and it can be, or have been applied within a scientific subject a certain process or set of processs is called Methodology. Methodology moreover refers to more than a simple set of methods ; it refers to the principle and the philosophical premises that underline a peculiar survey. Research methodological analysis frequently refers to anything and everything that enclosed for a subject or a series of procedures, activities, and undertakings. Few illustrations can happen in package development, undertaking direction and concern procedure Fieldss, and other Internet selling ( IMA ) research. This usage of the term is unified by the lineation who, what, where, when and why. Harmonizing to Collis and Hussey, ( 2003 ) research methodological analysis determines the research whole procedure from the beginning to the terminal. They besides highlight the research doctrine, which refers to the premises refering the universe and the nature of cognition The term methodological analysis may be used either to â€Å" mention to the chief paradigms of an attack † ( i.e. qualitative or quantitative ) or to specify â€Å" an operational research technique † which can be completed through Questionnaire- Based Structured, Case Study Technique and Semi- Structured Interviews ( Yin, 2002 ) . In the first case of usage, there are two different research attacks to the aggregation and handling of informations – the Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 1. The quantitative attack or scientific method ( as it is besides known ) , is founded on the averment that there is a individual world, which is nonsubjective. It is hence possible and necessary to Separate the phenomenon from the environing environment and do a separate appraisal. Maintain distance and objectiveness from the research topic Observe without inter-relating to what is observed 2. The qualitative attack on the other manus has an opposite position. It is base on the premises that there is no remarkable aim world and that the nature of the ascertained world is in some manner related to the research worker ‘s interaction with it. It is a realistic though complex survey since it does non enforce any isolating premises or controls on the phenomenon. This attack yields rich, complex informations and the findings focal point on the qualities of the research topic, instead than their numeral measuring ( Salford University, 1999 ) . This theory is instead better for theory edifice so proving. A instance survey attack to action research will chiefly be usage in this survey. Case surveies can categorise as the followers ( Yin 1994 ) : Exploratory- normally focuses on theory development Explanatory- involves hypothesis testing. Descriptive- describe an uncontrived state of affairs Further Amartunga, ( 1998 ) stated that a instance survey attack to research is ideal when a holistic, in-depth probe is needed, to research those chosen state of affairss, To look into a modern-day phenomenon within its existent life context To convey out the inside informations from the point of view of the participants by utilizing multiple beginnings of informations There are many benefits of utilizing a instance survey attack as listed ( Yin, 2002 ) : Rich penetration, into the issue under consideration Provision of illustrations Flexibility Bridging spread between industry and academe Development of a web of people Permission of multiple beginnings of information and stuffs On the other manus, there are many troubles associated with the instance analyze attack excessively: A inclination to be excessively descriptive Trouble in screening out proper information: volume of informations generated By and large do non seek to analyse issues Decision may be statistically limited Tend to capture the experience of an organisation merely at a peculiar period of clip For Secondary informations there are following resource have to be look to roll up research stuff and information for farther research they could be hold relationship up to some extent but it is great aid to get down primary research as: Customer records ( e.g. regular purchaser ) History Gross saless figures Operational informations – stock degrees Customer satisfaction study consequences Ad spend Customer ailments records Effective informations from promotional runs ( good consequence ) Marketing research studies from past surveies14.3 Data Collection and AnalysisData collected chiefly through study scheme carried out by the research worker, consequences will so analyse. The secondary agencies of roll uping informations for the research through literature reappraisal. This takes the signifier of books, academic and professional diaries, posters on cyberspace web sites and newspaper articles. Last, semi-structured ( Qualitative ) interviews will hold taken in order to flesh out issues and find industry place and sentiments sing assorted issues.

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Asda is the second largest retailer in the UK, and it has been the largest subsidiary of the Wal-Mart family of companies since 1999. The UK’s supermarket sector has also become more competitive. This contest between retailers in the marketplace helps to keep prices down. It also makes sure that organisations always produce and sell the goods that consumers really want. Asda is engaged in food, clothes, electronic and furniture selling. Consumers like price competition, as it means they can buy goods at low prices and save money. Asda is a large national company that makes a profit and it is private as well. Asda has a limited liability which means that they might lose the money they have invested in a business. This company is an incorporated business and it is also a public limited company. The main aims and objectives of Asda are: †¢To provide goods and services that is cheap and affordable to consumers to the public, to reduce the cost †¢To recycling their waste †¢To supporting voluntary services Oxfam is a small not-for-profit organisation and it is a global company because it operates in countries around the world. It is owned by Oxfam Trading Limited Companies and it is in private sector. The main aims and objective of this company are: †¢To Aid third world countries in any way they can †¢To relieve poverty, distress and suffering †¢To educate people about the nature, causes and effects if poverty †¢To campaign for a fairer world †¢To encourage western nations to supply aid to third world countries.

As You Sow so Shall You Reap

Now go away.    The womans smile became even broader. Suddenly the man felt a gentle hand under his arm. What are you doing, lady? the man asked angrily. I said to leave me alone. Just then a policeman came up. Is there any problem, maam? he asked†¦ No problem here, officer, the woman answered. Im just trying to get this man to his feet. Will you help me? The officer scratched his head. Thats old Jack. Hes been a fixture around here for a couple of years. What do you want with him? See that cafeteria over there? she asked. Im going to get him something to eat and get him out of the cold for awhile. Are you crazy, lady? the homeless man resisted. I dont want to go in there! Then he felt strong hands grab his other arm and lift him up. Let me go, officer. I didnt do anything. This is a good deal for you, Jack the officer answered. Dont blow it Finally, and with some difficulty, the woman and the police officer got Jack into the cafeteria and sat him at a table in a remote corner. It was the middle of the morning, so most of the breakfast crowd had already left and the lunch bunch had not yet arrived The manager strode across the cafeteria and stood by his table. Whats going on here, officer? he asked. What is all this, is this man in trouble? This lady brought this man in here to be fed, the policeman answered. Not in here! the manager replied angrily. Having a person like that here is bad for business    Old Jack smiled a toothless grin. See lady. I told you so. Now if youll let me go. I didnt want to come here in the first place. The woman turned to the cafeteria manager and smiled. Sir, are you familiar with Eddy and Associates, the banking firm down the street? Of course I am, the manager answered impatiently. They hold their weekly meetings in one of my banquet rooms. And do you make a godly amount of money providing food at these weekly meetings? What business is that of yours? I, sir, am Penelope Eddy, president and CEO of the company. Oh. The woman smiled again. I thought that might make a difference. She glanced at the cop who was busy stifling a giggle. Would you like to join us in a cup of coffee and a meal, officer? No thanks, maam, the officer replied. Im on duty. Then, perhaps, a cup of coffee to go? Yes, maam. That would be very nice. The cafeteria manager turned on his heel, Ill get your coffee for you right away, officer. The officer watched him walk away. You certainly put him in his place, he said. That was not my intent. Believe it or not, I have a reason for all this. She sat down at the table across from her amazed dinner guest. She stared at him intently†¦Jack, do you remember me? Old Jack searched her face with his old, rheumy eyes. I think so I mean you do look familiar. Im a little older perhaps, she said. Maybe Ive even filled out more than in my younger days when you worked here, and I came through that very door, cold and hungry. Maam? the officer said questioningly. He couldnt believe that such a magnificently turned out woman could ever have been hungry. I was just out of college, the woman began. I had come to the city looking for a job, but I couldnt find anything. Finally I was down to my last few cents and had been kicked out of my apartment. I walked the streets for days. It was February and I was cold and nearly starving. I saw this place and walked in on the off chance that I could get something to eat. Jack lit up with a smile. Now I remember, he said.. I was behind the serving counter. You came up and asked me if you could work for something to eat. I said that it was against company policy. I know, the woman continued. Then you made me the biggest roast beef sandwich that I had ever seen, gave me a cup of coffee, and told me to go over to a corner table and enjoy it. I was afraid that you would get into trouble Then, when I looked over and saw you put the price of my food in the cash register, I knew then that everything would be all right. So you started your own business? Old Jack said. I got a job that very afternoon. I worked my way up. Eventually I started my own business that, with the help of God, prospered. She opened her purse and pulled out a business card.. When you are finished here, I want you to pay a visit to a Mr. Lyons Hes the personnel director of my company. Ill go talk to him now and Im certain hell find something for you to do around the office. She smiled. I think he might even find the funds to give you a little advance so that you can buy some clothes and get a place to live until you get on your fe et If you ever need anything, my door is always opened to you. There were tears in the old mans eyes. How can I ever thank you? he said. Dont thank me, the woman answered. Thank God who led me to you.

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Aravind Eye Hospital - Case Study Example Though faced with challenges, it surpasses every expectation of quality, responsiveness and dedication by the people involved (Rangan 1993). Question 1 It is pretty much obvious that Aravind Eye Hospital had been successful so far in what was envisioned as its mission and objective. Dr. V was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi and Sri Aurobindo which propelled him to come up with an eye hospital delivering quality eye care at reasonable rates. The success of any mission can be attributed to two factors- the commitment and influence of the initiator of the idea and the people who help realizing the process through their tasks, activities and efforts. In this light, Dr. V’s role can be considered to be of a leader and guide and practicing what he preaches. Even after suffering from acute arthritis, he continued performing eye surgeries which demonstrates his zeal and interest to serve the society and this only infuses the needed motivation in his staff. His involvement in the registrati on process, trying to further the concept of the hospital to other far off regions and willingness to reach every nook and corner of the world in eliminating blindness demonstrates clear leadership and envisioning abilities of Dr. V which is the cornerstone to the hospital’s success. ... Question 2 The quality of service at both the free and the paying hospital exceed expectations. With qualified surgeons, trained nurses, imported and state-of-the-art equipments and involved customer service count for the unimaginable success level of the hospital. Though price feature remains a distinguishing factor of quality between the free and the paying hospital, yet instances of higher variation seemed less. The complete process of testing and screening is similar in both the facilities. Moreover, shifts of nurses and staff are rotated in both the free and paying hospital so that no discrimination in quality or care giving can be made. Regular training sessions for staff and visits from qualified ophthalmologists and professionals further identifies any discrepancies in the hospital processes and eliminates chances of quality defects. Especially at free hospital, high quality is obvious from the fact that nurses and attendants manage the crowd and answer to the queries of poor villagers which is more like comforting them and make them feel at home which is the biggest instance of quality service. Informal chit-chat at operation table removes anxiety of the patient which again proves the dexterity of Aravind surgeons and staff in attending to even the minutest details which actually comfort nervous patients and count towards quality care. Currently, only family members of Dr. V are involved in the entire hospital management which is in some or the other way limiting the scope and expertise level of the hospital. This should be done away with by recruiting other competent and qualified professionals from other regions and sectors. Question 3 The satellites hospitals of Aravind are

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Genetics - Assignment Example Explain: This the coding sequence at any place of the gene and depending on the genetic material that is translocated an entirely new protein will be coded. Missense, point mutation, deletion of 3 bases or nonsense mutation at the end has a less severe effect. As these are all point mutation hence have a smaller influence on the entire structure of the protein. Explain: Cro- Magnon is also referred to as Homo sapien inhabited the earth approximately 10Â  000 to 40Â  000 years ago. This species lived in coexistence with the Neandethals in the Middle East and Europe for many years. The Neanderthal is assumed to have become extinct approximately 33Â  000 years ago. Australopithecus had already faced extinction by the time the Neanderthals came into existence. In addition, since Australopethicus had already become extinct it cannot coexist with homo erectus in the above mentioned time frame. Explain: Sickle cell anaemia is disorder that results from a monogenous disorder that leads to heterogenous clinical presentations. However, the disorder can be considered epistatic due to the fact that the phenotype of the disorder can be influenced by epistatic modifier genes Telomeres have repeated sequences and are located on the endings of each of the chromatids. They serve a protective role at these ends either from deterioration or fusing with the neighbouring chromosomes. In the process of cell division there is degradation of the telomeres which means that the repeated sequences are necessary to ensure that even after this process, there are still other sequences to protect remaining genes. In the Avery MacLeod and MacCathy experiment there were more possibilities and several techniques were utilized attempt to retrieve organic compounds and assess how the inheritance too place. These techniques were not yet present during the Griffith experiment. Griffith utilized heat in his experiment and live strains which

Qualitative Interviewing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Qualitative Interviewing - Essay Example The sample for the interview would be a neighbourhood man of 24 years, UK citizen, working in the US, who is an ardent Arsenal Football Club fan and enthusiast, a regular EPL follower for last 15 years, since childhood. The qualitative interview would be conducted in view of the Qualitative perceptions of the Sample about the various European Football leagues in comparison to the EPL or the one branded as the Barclays Premier league. The recommendations received along with feedback would be used as primary data for the research in view of the Qualitative Interviewing techniques and mechanisms. Qualitative interviews had been a part of education in various nations across the globe to have an idea about the perceptions and feelings of one who is interviewed to further do necessary assessments for records 1. The qualitative processes in research is dependent upon the knowledge of the interviewee along with the knowledge of the interviewer about the way the questions are framed to get the desired point of view necessary for the research purpose 1. Again, qualitative interview gives an idea about the intrinsic values of a user about a product and its benefits which are not qualitatively depicted but perceptions those can only be felt. Again, 2 qualitative interviews are a part of ethnography where the imaginations of one is interpreted based on sociological perspectives 2. For an example, the person interviewed here cannot quantify his enthusiasm for the game but can obviously express about what and how the league is qualitatively different from another similar league in perspective point of view. Interview however has its own structure in making that may be formal or semi formal, in accordance to the seriousness of the subject and such various other factors. The interview would be conducted in a semi structured manner where the social aspect of the

Analysis paper (speech) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis paper (speech) - Essay Example The main challenge that I still face is in credibility and ethics concerned. In presentation of the purpose and the topic is an important element in ensuring that the audience connected with it. This is a major and most important in determining communication success. It includes elements of keeping the message clear, good preparation, keeping the message simple, natural concise and being vivid while presenting the topic (Pearson). It is evident from the speech about public policy that there is a good introduction of the topic. It begins with an attention getter. This attracts the attention of the audience, this shows how prepared you are. The introductory statement begins by what the speech is all about i.e. the need for public policy in governance. The speech on how to prepare for a job search begins by outlining the purpose of the speech. The introduction of the thesis also shows the level of the subject understood and the need to accomplish the objective. Thesis gives an outline of what is required and provides the roadmap for the presentation (Pearson). Pearson argues that the presentation of logistics and occasion is a major determination speech presentation. Logistics aims at convincing the audience on the importance and practicability of a topic. A convincing speech is not just easy to develop but requires numerous practices and testing before the actual presentation. The structure of any speech should define and cohere with the purpose and the targeted audience. Such determinations are usually instrumental in identifying the appropriate language and expression to employ in the process (Pearson). The logistic in the speech presented in a manner that they match the occasion. In the job seeking, speech it is quoted that one should ‘identify goals, values, achievements, experiences, interest, and skills’. This statement gives the relevance and the logistics of the speech. It summarises the main points that are important while

Offenses Against the Public Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Offenses Against the Public - Assignment Example Introduction Lippman, (2010) defines bribery as the practice of receiving, offering, soliciting, and giving something of significance for purposes of influencing the act of an official in charge of his or her, legal public duties. It can also be said to be an illicit gain advantage. The Federal General Statute Bribery is responsible for punishing the bribery offenses in the United States. The law pertaining bribery punishes whomever indirectly or directly, offers, gives, or promises anything of worth to an officer in charge of public duties with an aim of influencing the official deed will be committing a bribery offence. In this regard, this paper aims at describing bribery as well as expounding on the laws that pertain to it. Question 1: Description of public trust crime (Bribery) Bribery can be described by a wide variety of conducts and in most cases; it is a crime that has a structure and white-collar situations. Some of the obvious bribery examples are release of an arrestee, a cquiring a contract of the government award and vote from a legislator on one’s bill. Scheb (2012) explains the traditional perception of the public servants by knowing the bribery potential in political parties’ ranks. Money is what comes to mind of many when bribes are requested or offered. There are many forms of bribes that are offered or sought. Therefore, bribe does not only include cash or its equals, but also intangible or tangible benefits as sexual favors, vehicles, homes vacation and other price benefits. Consequently, bribes can occur in a number of disguised or subtle ways like; selling of property for a smaller price than its worth value, where the main aim of the seller is to benefit the person who is purchasing property in order to influence his government official actions. Bribery is in white-collar crimes category because it is nonviolent and focuses on the social background of the person involved in the act. Lippman (2010) argues that White-collar cr ime is an illegal act which employs concealment and deceit rather than force application in order to obtain service, property or money. This is what bribery aims at; it does not involve any form of violence but rather takes an advantage to avoid loss or payment of cash in order to obtain a professional or business advantage. The bribery offenders occupy professions, responsibility positions, civil organizations, and government trusts. Bribery can also be described according to the form of its activity. For example, it has an advantage of seeking the attention to consumer and tax fraud as well as other offenses. Individuals who commit this crime are from various backgrounds socioeconomically. Another form of bribery as Scheb (2012) clarifies is commercial bribe which involves, offering or giving indirectly or directly, something of worth to an employee, private agent or fiduciary without the employer’s knowledge, in order to influence the employee’s or agent’s ac tions in relation to the affairs of the employer. Travel bribery is another form of bribery crime whereby; an individual decides to interstate or use facility with an aim of promoting, facilitating or establishing a promotion of any activities unlawfully is guilt of bribery crime. Conducting activities, which are unlawful, is therefore, bribery in the United States. Therefore, bribery as a crime includes many

Motivation - Staying ahead of the competition ( Chapter 6) Essay

Motivation - Staying ahead of the competition ( Chapter 6) - Essay Example Recognition of gaining achievements during work is highly valued by employees and this boosts up the morale level of employees to a very large extent. Employees if motivated tend to remain highly satisfied with their working conditions. The Maslow’s hierarchy theory is a very good tool which is used for deducing the required motivation factors for the employees of the organization. Empowerment towards taking decisions of one’s job is highly motivating factor for the employees. They feel quite satisfied once they are in control of their tasks and have the autonomy to conduct the task accordingly. It is a strong stand point for the organization if they have set their goals in alignment and in consideration with the goals of their employees. If there is a point of interest of the employees towards achieving the goals for the organization, then there are high chances that the employees will be strongly motivated towards accomplishing their tasks. Strong and influential leaders possess the talent of motivating the employees to work harder. Motivated employees tend to produce better results and this in the short run as well as in the long run tend to allow the organization to remain ahead of the competition. In competitive environments, leaders tend to face difficulties in motivating their employees but with a positive attitude and delegating a strong sense of responsibility towards the employees, the organization can take its path towards success by the hard work of employees. While working in the organization, different types of conflicts may arise during working policies or decisions taking by management. Leaders should possess skills so that they can smartly deal with the conflicts that have taken place. If conflicts are resolved on a proper note then this motivates the employees to have a positive image of the organization as well as their management. Instilling a sense of positive humor and fun with

Conflict, Decision Making, and Organizational Design Research Paper

Conflict, Decision Making, and Organizational Design - Research Paper Example One way is to engage negotiation strategies. Negotiation can be observed everywhere in strong and subtle ways – in the market, haggling for the best prices, commissioning a young, talented artist for a new project; or closing a huge deal with a known company. There is more to negotiation than mere compromise. Negotiation is an interaction that occurs when 2 or more parties attempt to agree on a mutually acceptable outcome in a situation where their preferences for outcomes are negatively related. Two opposing positions come to a compromise. Lax and Sebenius (1986) add that in negotiation, a better outcome through joint action is achieved rather than when each party would act independently. The element of conflict also arises due to varying preferences and priorities of the different parties. Negotiation becomes a way to resolve such conflicts and compromise on a joint decision, usually, the middle ground stand. McGrath (1984) claims that negotiation is a mixed-motive process - the negotiating parties cooperate to reach an agreement and at the same time, compete to fulfill their own interests. From these definitions of negotiation, it is apparent that negotiators should possess several skills in order to be successful in getting what they bargain for. At the same time, negotiation entails multiple processes that occur simultaneously within each negotiating party such as decision making, research, critical judgment and effective communication, among others. Negotiating strategies involve bringing opposing parties together face to face wherein each individual or group brainstorm on their decisions for the negotiation. When each of the negotiating party becomes aware of the other’s proposed stand or idea, it then becomes the time for bargaining. In the case of business negotiations, this is the space between their reservation prices for the product or service offered and the assumed reservation price of the other party. They come up with their own BAT NA or their â€Å"best alternative to a negotiated agreement†, a strategy proposed by Fisher & Ury (1981). Thompson and Leonardelli (2004) explain that when the first cards set out the table during negotiations fail, then BATNA becomes a fall back alternative of negotiators. BATNA considers all options available for both parties including the reservation price, market information and aspiration levels of each negotiating party. Knowing the other party’s alternatives will help facilitate one’s decision-making process if these are compared with one’s own alternatives (Buelens & Van Poucke, 2004). 2. Determine how evidence-based management could be applied to the work environment you researched. Reay, Berta & Kohn (2009) defined evidence-based management as being â€Å"about making decisions through the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of four sources of information: practitioner expertise and judgment, evidence from the local context, a critical evaluation of the best available research evidence, and the perspectives of those people who might be affected by the decision† (as mentioned in Briner, Denyer, and Rousseau, 2009, p. 19) Applied in the work environment of health care and health insurance this definition would translate to upholding high standards of care. Integration of the best available evidences from thorough research and practice should deliver high quality patient-centered care considering the patient’

Organic vs Non Organic Foods Essay Example for Free

Organic vs Non Organic Foods Essay It’s hard to walk into a grocery store and not notice a certain new kind of trend. There is a growing urge to have more organic items on shelves. The general belief is that organic items tend to be better for the consumer and the environment when compared to non-organic items. Although many people cant tell the difference, there are multiple pros and cons between organic and nonorganic. In terms of consumer health, both organic and processed foods have their benefits. The benefits of processed foods are that scientists can place additives that increase the nutritional value. According to Dr. Mehmet Oz (2010), this helps to â€Å"prevent neural-tube defects and certain childhood cancers, boost brain development and may increase intelligence, and reduce the incidence of rickets. † This means that theres nutrients that can be added to aid in helping the country with disease prevention. Organic foods lack the ability to be genetically modified but offer their own benefits as well. According to Maria Rodale (2010), some organically grown foods have â€Å" more conjugated linleic acid, which is a powerful cancer-fighting nutrient. † Both these types of food can help consumers healthy and prevent disease. There are some alarming differences between organic and processed foods especially when considering agriculture. â€Å"Organic† means that a food is grown without the aid of pesticides or fertilizers. Organic farmers use manure and nothing else to grow fruits, vegetables, and grains. It says in The Organic Myth that this can lead to some bad cases of E. Coli that wouldn’t be present in foods grown with pesticides since there are all sorts of bacteria in the manure (2004). The reverse is that without all those chemicals being sprayed on crops, you tend to have less pollution. Rodale states, â€Å"Growing foods organically prevents thousands of toxic chemicals from entering the environment and poisoning our soil, our wells, our wildlife, our children and ourselves† (2010). Organic goods also tend to cost more leading to them being classified as a luxury item. The downside is that most cattle and genetically altered crops have â€Å"unwanted additives like growth hormone and chemicals† (Oz 2010). It’s hard to know whether it’s worth the money to go organic or just stick with the usual. Foods grown without the aids of pesticides seem to be beneficial to the consumer and the environment, which is a big selling point for those who want to go green. On the other hand they are much more costly than non-organic crops. Many people would rather risk the potentially harmful additives to shave a few bucks of the price. It all depends on preference and beliefs but its definitely easy to see where they offer there own pros and cons. Miller, M. (2004). The Organic Myth. National Review, 56(2), 35-37. Oz, M. (2010). The Organic Alternative. Time, 176(9), 46-46. Rodale, M. (2010). 15 WAYS TO CHANGE THE WORLD (and your life) ONE APPLE AT A TIME. Mens Health (10544836), 25(3), 113-138.

Immanuel Kant Essay Example for Free

Immanuel Kant Essay A. Kant’s ethical theory Standard rationality is the major foundation of Kant’s ethical theory. Moral requirements are also associated with the standard rationality but this standard could be based on instrumental principles of rationality or based on the sui generis rational instinct. A conventional conformity could be achieved through the analysis of rationality with instrumental principles. Kant argued that conforming to instrumental and non-instrumental principles (â€Å"Categorical Imperative†) will both be justified to rationality (Kant’s Moral Philosophy 2004). Kant supported his arguments that being rational reflect free will, law of autonomous will. Each of us is accepted based on our self-governing reasons and gain equal respect from other people. According to him, the standard of rationality is the key foundation of moral requirements. Violation of such rule is thereby irrational. Kant believed that a â€Å"good will† is the highest notion of being such ‘good person’, or ‘a person of good will’ (Kant’s Moral Philosophy 2004). There are no other qualifications of being ‘good’ other than ‘good will’. Basically, the notion of ‘good will’ is the possession of a will that is consistent and on the basis with the notion of the moral law. A person of good will is the one who make decisions, do good things in such a way that he/she told to be morally and taking moral considerations According to Kant, the outcome for search for the inherent and fundamental ‘good’ was not inherently good. Happiness and pleasure could be the result from most evil acts. In fact, he use the term good to describe the ‘good will’ – the resolution in accordance with duty. He believed that reason would give individuals to work out what one’s duty was. Kant also criticized the notion that we are free. According to him, we can’t be described as free if our actions are just circling around a defined boundary. He also stressed that following the belief that god and life is existing, morality would make no sense. The principle that one should act in accordance with such truths was criticized by Kant for this principle says that we would perform these actions of which it is true that they are right and ought to be performed. Wolff’s principle tells that actions must be performed if it falls under the concept ‘to be done’. Autonomy and Heteronomy In philosophical perspective, autonomy refers when a person/individual acts by himself/herself based from his/her internal drives, needs and ideals while heteronomy is defined when an individual acts based upon outside forces and responsibilities. According to Kant, â€Å"Autonomous agents† acts to what their instinct tell them (Kant’s Moral Philosophy 2004). In addition, they act in accordance with the categorical imperative of willing what is univerzable to be known and consistent with moral law. â€Å"Heteronomous agents† think first to the possible consequences of their actions as affected by their environment (Kant’s Moral Philosophy 2004). They derive principles of actions from outside by putting into consideration the consequences of their action or the perception of others towards one thing or object. In a narrow perspective (person), autonomy reflects to selecting right decisions for one-self. In broader sense (political perspective), autonomy reflects the right of self-determination (Kant’s Moral Philosophy 2004). A heteronomous will lies its rules of actions that have been legislated externally to it while autonomous will is completely self-legislating. Kant’s Categorical Imperative Kant is known form his theory called the ‘categorical imperative’ rooted from the idea of duty. According to him, categorical imperative is a principle that is essentially and fundamentally legitimate; universally good to him and to others; it requires to comply with when the situation is associated with the moral law.   Ã‚  Ã‚   His theory is the fundamental foundation at the basis of all our moral values and duties. If we observe, it coined the word â€Å"imperative.† His theory is an imperative for it is a command. It informs and commands us to exercise our wills in a particular way, and not performing the opposite of the theory. Kant distinguished another form of ‘oughts’ other than our moral duties. This principle is so called â€Å"hypothetical imperative† (Kant’s Moral Philosophy 2004) which is being based on a quite different kind of principle. Like categorical imperative, hypothetical imperative is also a command that also applies to us in virtue of having a good will. However, it is not simply a virtue for we have need of to exercising our wills. Hence, this theory is a command in a conditional form. Kant listed three formulation of the categorical imperative which he believed to be   almost equivalent Formula of Universal Law (First Formulation), Formula of the End in Itself Second Formulation), and Formula of Autonomy (Third Formulation). The Formula of Universal Law simply states that the maxim should be selected. A supreme law guides this formulation – to do deeds in harmony with that maxim. The first formulation is interpreted as â€Å"universality test† having five steps: (1) finding the agent’s maxim; (2) putting oneself in a parallel circumstance on the real world agent followed that maxim; (3) decide on contradictions; (4) if there’s contradiction, acting on that maxim is not permissible in the real world, and (5) if there’s no contradiction, acting on that maxim is allowed. The second formulation simply says to respect for humanity. Don’t put an end to a certain situation by doing bad deeds just to serve as a getaway. According to him, we must all act accordingly to every rational being and to place restrictions on the acts we adopt on the search of our ends, do not accept it. Kant enumerated two kinds of imperative – hypothetical and categorical. Hypothetical imperative requires an immediate action because it is a necessity and a requirement. In example, if I am hungry, then I must eat something. Categorical imperative refers to an unmodified, categorical prerequisite that is both a requirement and justified. In Kant’s hypothetical imperative, he believed that it would not be accepted. Hypothetical moral systems cannot be as bases for moral judgments since imperatives are subjective. What is morally accepted in an individual may not be absolutely true for others. Consequently, the categorical imperative was presented as an option to the inconsistency of hypothetical imperative (Kant’s Moral Philosophy 2004). Categorical Imperative: Autonomous Ethical Choice The foundation of Kant’s theory states that human wills are self-directed. He believed that we could understand and justify moral requirements if we could be self-governing. Freedom is not merely consisting of any law that everyone is liberated to perform a certain actions. However, freedom is consisting of a law in such a way that this law, in some sense, would allow individuals for one’s own making. The idea of freedom as autonomy is where a person has laid down laws where he has also the decisive authority. Kant explains that free will is naturally inexplicable. A rational person would base his/her decisions on reasons and justifications of his/her act. Categorical Imperative is met when a person justified his/her acts. Thus, reflecting to autonomous ethical choice of a person. With our free will and/or autonomous ethical choices, we act on it objectively. B. Kant’s Ethical Theory: An Analysis For me, I support Kant’s theory on ethical decision-making. Kant pointed-out, we cannot exceed to the limitations of our thinking. Based from our line of reasoning, we justified things objectively. We make decisions based on our understanding. I think these statements are true and absolute. Kant’s argued that categorical imperative must reflect on our free will. He argued that instrumental and non-instrumental principles are necessary to meet the categorical imperatives. General facts may or may not be true for a person who do not understand its concepts or understand it on the other perspective. Good will responds to the universal moral law and we follow these laws according to our autonomous acts. We accept humanity, rational agency as represented by our understanding.

Freudian and Jungian Literary Analysis: Under Milk Wood

Freudian and Jungian Literary Analysis: Under Milk Wood Exploration of dreams, symbols and archetypes in Dylan Thomas play for voices Under Milk Wood This paper seeks to assert that Dylan Thomas play Under Milk Wood can be successfully viewed using Freudian and Jungian psychoanalytic techniques. It will attempt to not only isolate and highlight many instances of typical psychical symbolism in the work but also what could be thought of as psychoanalytic mechanisms; especially as they relate to Freuds notions of the Dreamwork in his The Interpretation of Dreams (1997) or Jungs archetypes and collective unconscious. By doing this I hope to not only subject Thomas work to a rigorous psychoanalytical exegesis, uncovering hidden personal symbols, structures and images, but also highlight the psychosocial depth of Under Milk Wood; a depth that has hitherto been overlooked by some critics. Through this I hope to assess the notion that Thomas was every bit as influenced by Freud and Jung as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf were a generation before. I will begin, in my Introduction, to give an outline of the importance of Freud and psychoanalysis to post-World War One literature and what Dylan Thomas place within that was; paying particular attention to Thomas own assertions on the importance of psychoanalysis in his work and the ways that it was greeted by the literati of the 1930s and 40s. The first chapter will be dedicated to a discussion of Under Milk Wood and its creation, looking at such areas as plot construction, the structural nature of the piece and its creative aetiology. From here I will go on to discuss the notion of the Freudian dreamwork and its manifestations in Under Milk Wood. The dreamwork, exemplified by such concepts as condensation, displacement and secondary revision, is a central concept in the Freudian cannon and, as such, has become an important interpretive tool for both psychoanalysts and literary critics. It is with this in mind that I shall attempt to isolate instances of all four of the major mechanisms of the dreamwork in Thomas play whilst relating them to the wider issues of poetic creativity and narrative structure. I will also offer a brief discussion of how Jungs interpretation of dreams differed from Freuds before going on to examine how both can be used to inform us of Thomas play. The third chapter will be dedicated to Jungian archetypes. I will isolate and discuss the many instances of archetypal imagery in the play, paying special attention to the way in which they fit in with Thomas over all poetic sense as it is displayed in his use of language, narrative and plot. This chapter will also examine the role of the collective unconscious and relate it to the Modernist technique of the stream of consciousness novel and the works of James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. My conclusion will attempt to answer the main hypothesis of this paper, that indeed psychoanalytic techniques and knowledge can be used to understand Dylan Thomass play and also what that says about the playwrights role as a modern day bard. Introduction: â€Å"The Analytic Revelation† Thomas Manns paper â€Å"The Significance of Freud† published in 1936 gives us some indications as to the importance of early psychoanalysis on the literary life of Europe and America: â€Å"The analytic revelation is a revolutionary force. With it a blithe scepticism has come into the world, a mistrust that unmasks all the schemes and subterfuges of our own souls. Once roused and on alert, it cannot be put to sleep again. It infiltrates life, undermines its raw naà ¯vetà ©, takes from it the strain of its own ignorance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mann, 1965: 591) As Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane assert in their study Modernism: A Guide to European Literature 1890-1930 (1991), this â€Å"revolutionary force† was a large constituent of early twentieth century notions of, not only Modernism in literature and the arts but also, what it meant to be a modern man or woman. The early Modernist writers of the inter-war period not only embraced Freud and psychoanalysis as heralding a new paradigm of self-sufficiency and ontological autonomy but also, as a journal entry by Andre Gide exposes, thought themselves part of an existing groundswell of thought that was, above all, quintessentially new: â€Å"Freud†¦Freudianism†¦For the last ten years, or fifteen, I have been indulging in it without knowing.† (Gide, 1967: 349) The connection between psychoanalysis and literature has always been problematic. Freud, himself asserts in the opening paragraphs to his essay â€Å"The Uncanny† (2005) that â€Å"only rarely (does) a psycho-analyst (feel) impelled to investigate the subject of aesthetics† (Freud, 2000: 1), however writers, critics and even Freud himself have made extensive use of the interpretive similarities between the two disciplines . Not only are there are a whole host of studies devoted to the use of psychoanalysis in literary criticism but in the Introduction to his novel The White Hotel (1999), D.M. Thomas draws attention to the extraordinarily literary quality of Fr euds case studies; each containing many of the tropes and leitmotifs one would normally associate with a creative work. For Freud, the psychical mechanisms of creative writing and dreaming are in, some senses at least, inextricably linked. Both are based in a tripartite system of ideational fantasy formation consisting of: a current situational issue or concern that provokes the memory of a childhood incident or trauma which, in turn, shapes some future action in the guise of a wish fulfilment. Freud sets out the relationship between this system and literature in his essay â€Å"Creative Writers and Day Dreaming† (Freud, 1986): â€Å"We are perfectly aware that very many imaginative writings are far removed from the model of the naà ¯ve daydream; and yet I cannot suppress the suspicions that even the most extreme deviations from that model could be linked with it through an uninterrupted series of transitional cases.† (Freud, 1986: 150) Freud continues to explain the disparity between the mind of the creative writer and the ordinary day-dreamer, asserting that whereas the latter results in a self-conscious repression of desire (the wishes of the day-dreamer being best left unspoken) the former revels in and promulgates such desire, translated as it is by artistic skill and temperament: â€Å"The writer softens the character of his egoistic day-dreams by altering and disguising it, and he bribes us by the purely formal – that is aesthetic – yield of pleasure which he offers us in the presentation of his phantasies.† (Freud, 1986: 153) This essay, perhaps more than any other work of Freuds, highlights for us the attraction of psychoanalysis to early twentieth century writers. Metaphysically and spiritually sceptical after the mass slaughter of the First World War and the alienation engendered by rise of the industrial paradigm, Freudian theory offered (as testified by Manns essay) a distinctly human, non-metaphysical and wholly scientific explanation for the place of the artist within society. For Freud, the artist was distinct from the rest of the populous but this had a purely psychical aetiology, leaving no imperative for notions of religious or supra-human inspiration. This is undoubtedly some of the attraction of Freudianism for Dylan Thomas who, throughout his letters and early work makes both use and reference to writers and critics that were, themselves, heavily influenced by Freud and psychoanalysis. Francis Scarfe, in the essay â€Å"Dylan Thomas: A Pioneer† (1960) cites Freud as a major influence on the formation of Thomas early poetic voice, derived in the main from his experiences with what Scarfe calls â€Å"Sitwellism† (Scarfe, 1960: 96): â€Å"The dominant points of contact seems to be James Joyce, the Bible and Freud. The personal habits of language and mythology of Dylan Thomas can readily be identified through these three sources.† (Scarfe, 1960: 96) If Joyce lent the young poet some of the lyricism and sense of narrative and the Bible some of the rich cadence and verbal poetics, Freud enabled Thomas to look within his own unconscious and find images and leitmotifs that would find resonance with the rest of humanity as, firstly, personal then increasingly Bardic and archetypal symbols formed the basis of his work. An early poem of Thomas clearly mirrors the hyperbole of Freuds first lectures on psychoanalysis; the poet and the analyst both evoking the image of the journey into an unknown by an antonymous but courageous individual: â€Å"The midnight road, though young man tread unknowking. Harbouring some thought of heaven, or haven hoping. Yields peace and plenty at the end. â€Å" (Thomas, 1990: 119) We can compare this to Freuds famous analogy that is evoked throughout his work: â€Å"The interpretation of dreams is in fact the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious; it is the securest foundation of psycho-analysis and the field in which evey worker must acquire his convictions and seek his training. If I am asked how one can become a psycho-analyst, I reply: â€Å"By studying ones own dreams†Ã¢â‚¬  (Freud, 1957: 60) Interestingly, Thomas himself was reluctant to acknowledge his debt to Freud, choosing instead to suggest a notion that we have already posited here; that Freuds influence is paradigmatic. He says in the collection of interviews â€Å"Notes on the Art of Poetry† (1963) that his writing is influenced by Freud only through the work others , itself a testament to the extent that Freudian theory and, indeed, the whole of psychoanalytic thought has permeated the very fabric of modern literature. Thomas notebooks poems, his earliest poetic statements, are suffused with what we shall see are Freudian images, inspired perhaps not by psychoanalysis itself but by the poets interest in Surrealism and their early antecedents the 18th century Metaphysical poets. Works such as: â€Å"Where once the waters of your face Spun to my screws, your dry ghost blows, The dead turns up its eye†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Thomas, 1990: 217) And â€Å"In wasting one drop from the hearts honey cells. One precious drop that, for the moment, quells Desires pain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Thomas, 1990: 133) Clearly reflect the artistic tenants set out in Bretons Manifestoes of Surrealism (1972) that sought to combine Freudian concepts of the dreamwork with aesthetic creation . As we shall see in the first chapter of this paper, this delight in the surreal as it relates to the Freudian image remained with Thomas throughout all of his working life and, most certainly, manifests itself in Under Milk Wood. The analytic revelations then, of Freud , have not only influenced those writers such as Breton, Auden and Woolf who are were intimately acquainted with his writing but also writers like Dylan Thomas who, by his own admission, came to psychoanalysis through other creative writers works. This paper, like many others, uses psychoanalytic theory as a methodology with which to uncover latent symbols, patterns and structures within Thomas work. It will not only relate such symbols to the poets own poetic vision but will, through Jungian theory, expand these so that they encompass universal archetypes and concepts such as the collective unconscious that structures the unconscious and, inevitably finds its way into works of a creative nature . Chapter One: â€Å"To Begin at the Beginning† Dylan Thomas play for voices Under Milk Wood began life as a small radio broadcast Quiet Early One Morning (Sinclair, 1975, Jones, 1963) and this short piece is easily recognisable as the genesis for the larger work. There are, for instance, many of the same basic characters – the milkman â€Å"still lost in the clangour and music of Welsh-spoken dreams† (Thomas, 1992), the sea captain, the lonely lady â€Å"Miss May Hughes† and even the tragic-comic Mrs Ogmore Pritchard. There is the same sense of poetic cadence that constantly adds to the somatic quality of the writing, lulling the reader into a musical trance as sibilance and assonance is combined with Thomas particular inner rhythms, such as in this extract: â€Å"The sun lit the sea-town, not as a whole, from topmost down reproving zinc-roofed chapel to empty-but-for-rats-and-whispers grey warehouse on the harbour, but in separate bright pieces.† (Thomas, 1978: 15) The story, recited by Thomas himself in 1944 on the BBC, describes the still sleeping town of New Quay in Cardiganshire (Maud, 1992) and weaves external description with internal monologue as the narrator flits in and out of the dreaming consciousnesses of the towns inhabitants. In the story, each paragraph brings a new image or a new perspective but what we are ultimately presented with is the stream of consciousness of the narrator; in the story, unlike in Under Milk Wood, an impersonal but altogether discernable â€Å"I†: â€Å"Quite early one morning in the winter in Wales, by the sea that was lying down still and green as grass after a night of tar-black howling and rolling, I went out of the house, where I had come to stay for a cold unseasonable holiday†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Thomas, 1978: 15) It is this point, this appearance of the personal pronoun that, as we shall see, makes Quite Early One Morning markedly different to Under Milk Wood. Thomas, however, retains the sense of dreamy absurdity, as images are juxtaposed for comic effect amid the repeated refrain of â€Å"The town was not yet awake†. Under Milk Wood grew out of this humble beginning and is both markedly similar and surprisingly different . Both works reflect, as Derek Stanford (1954) suggests, the cadences, characterisation and plot construction of Joyces Ulysses (1979), being as they are the collective narratives of a whole town in the same time period. Both works, however, are also embryonic, Quite Early One Morning obviously being a blueprint for Under Milk Wood but this also being merely a fragmentary snapshot of a larger planned work that was never finished (Jones, 1986: ix). Under Milk Wood also resembles the cyclical structure of Joyces other great work Finnegans Wake (1992). Thomas play abounds with references to beginnings and commencements; we have, for instance, the famous first lines: â€Å"To begin at the beginning: It is Spring, moonless night in the small town, starless And bible-black†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Thomas, 2000: 1) That not only evokes the biblical â€Å"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth† (Gen, 1:1) but also the creational sense of Joyces reference to the beginnings of mankind in the opening lines of his novel: â€Å"riverrun, past Eve and Adams, from swerve of shore to bend of bay, brings us by a commodius vicus of recirculation back to Howth castle and Environs.† (Joyce, 1992: 3) In Under Milk Wood, the cyclical nature of the day is metonymous with the seasonal nature of the year and this with the life of a human being as Thomas juxtaposes images of beginnings, babies and births with ageing, infirmity and death; as in this passage: â€Å"All over town, babies and old men are cleaned and put into their broken prams and wheeled on to the sunlit cockled cobbles or out into the backyards under the dancing underclothes, and left. A baby cries.† (Thomas, 2000: 27) As we shall see, this notion of the circle, of repeating is important to both Freud and Jung; Freud through his insistence on the importance of the return in notions such as repression and the death drive and Jung, through his concept of the mandala as a recurring symbol. Like Joyce, Thomas displays circles within circles, as the plot and structure of the work as a whole mirrors the framework of the characters lives and psyches. We see this reflected in many of the plays most successful characters, witness for instance the constant iteration of Mrs Ogmore Pritchard, as she repeats her life over and over again with different husbands, only to have them revisit her after their deaths: â€Å"Mr Ogmore, linoleum, retired, and Mr Pritchard, failed bookmaker, who maddened by besoming, swabbing and scrubbing, the voice of the vacuum cleaner and the fume of the polish, ironically swallowed disinfectant, fidgets in her rinsed sleep, wakes in a dream and nudges in the ribs dead Mr Ogmore, dead Mr Pritchard, ghostly on either side.† (Thomas, 2000: 10) The same can be said, of course, for Captain Cat, whose dreams and waking life are characterised not by the dead per se, but by their return as he witnesses the phantasmatic manifestations of either his repression or the collective unconscious (whether one is citing Freud or Jung). The sense, in Under Milk Wood, is that of a blithe acceptance of the passing of time and the knowledge that things return; the sunrise, the Spring and the dead. This is reflected in many of Thomas poems, for instance in the closing lines of â€Å"I See the Boys of Summer†: â€Å"I am the man your father was. We are the sons of flint and pitch. Oh see the poles are kissing as they cross!† (Thomas, 1990: 219) In this, also, as Karl Jay Shapiro asserts in his study In Defense of Ignorance (1960), Thomas work clearly reflects what was a seminal poem for the young poets generation W.B. Yeats â€Å"The Second Coming† (1987) which contains images of both beginnings and circles within circles. In the next chapter I will look at how these aspects of Under Milk Wood can be interpreted through the psychoanalytical work of Freud and Jung, paying attention specifically to their concepts of dreams and dreaming; again another leitmotif of Thomas play that can be seen to come from Joyces Finnegans Wake. Chapter Two: The Dreamwork, the Symbol and Captain Cat Freud On Dreams As Richard Wollheim suggests, Freuds theories on dreams are the â€Å"most remarkable single element† (Wollheim, 1971: 66) of his psychoanalytical project and Freud himself in his essay â€Å"On Dreams† (1991) stresses the primacy of dream interpretation in his system: â€Å"The transformation of the latent dream-thoughts into the manifest dream-content deserves all out attention, since it is the first instance known to us of psychical material being changed over from one mode of expression to another.† (Freud, 1991: 89) For Freud, dreams serve as symptoms of unconscious repression in the same way as parapraxes (slips of the tongue) and instances of forgetfulness. The content of dreams can, he said, be split into the latent and the manifest; the one providing a shield for the other as the Unconscious gives up its fissures and problems that have been repressed by the Ego during waking hours. Freuds work The Interpretation of Dreams attempts to provide a full scale, largely scientific study of not merely the symbolism of dreams but also their mechanism; a mechanism that he termed the ‘dreamwork. The dreamwork can be thought of as a process (Wollheim, 1971) that transcribes the latent content of dreams into the language of the manifest. Freud is clear in The Interpretation of Dreams that psychoanalysis does not deal with the simple ‘translation of images or primitive notions of symbol exchange that sees dreams as merely scripts that can be easily interpreted using a universal dictionary, although he does acquiesce to the point that some symbols recur on a universal level. Instead, Freud sees dreams as the return of repressed desires and their attendant wishes that find a voice in the psychical economy through a process of disguise. The desire, as Richard Stevens (1983) suggests, â€Å"will be fused with experiences and thoughts from the previous day or even events occurring during the course of the night† (Stevens, 1983: 30). The dreamwork, in the Freudian system, is both the mechanism of disguise and the tool of interpretation because it contains an internal logic that can be used by the analyst to trace the source of repression and, through the process of transference, brought into the conscious and rendered harmless (Freud, 1997). Perhaps the most important concept within The Interpretation of Dreams is the four-fold dreamwork mechanism that can be used, not only in dream interpretation but as we shall see, in the critical appreciation of literature. Freud termed these mechanisms condensation, displacement, representation and secondary revision and before I go to look at how each one fits into Under Milk Wood specifically I would like to, briefly, offer up an explanation as to how each effects the manifest dream-content and ergo the literary image or trope. Condensation This is, perhaps, the most common dream feature and is what gives dreams their sparse, confusing quality. For Freud, dream-thoughts are many and varied, each bombarding the dreamwork simultaneously: â€Å"The dream is meagre, paltry and laconic in comparison with the range and copiousness of the dream-thoughts. The dream, when written down fills half a page; the analysis, which contains the dream-thoughts requires six, eight, twelve times as much space.† (Freud, 1997: 170) Condensation manifests itself as images laden with meaning, as the unconscious overlays and condenses two or more dream-thoughts into one motif. Part of the skill of the analyst according to Freud is the extent that such condensation can be unravelled and successive layers of unconscious meaning and repression peeled back and revealed (Freud, 1965: 313). Whereas Freud was dubious as to the possibility of ever reaching a definitive dream interpretation because of the very nature of condensation, he also asserted that the ways in which dream-thoughts are condensed gives the analyst a clue as to their psychical meaning. Freud cites his own dream of the Botanical Monograph as an example of the way in which different dream-thoughts can be condensed into one dream-image; the latent meaning only becoming apparent when this relationship is exposed . Displacement Displacement refers to the substituting of elements within dreams. Due to the nature of the unconscious, elements and images that have a similar psychical economy invariably end up being displaced, one for the other. In The Interpretation of Dreams Freud characterises displacement as constituting a de-centring of the dream-thoughts: â€Å"We may have noticed that these elements which obtrude themselves in the dream-content as its essential components do not by any means play this same part in the dream-thoughts.† ( Freud, 1997: 190) Displacement, like condensation, arises from the synchronous nature of the unconscious and manifests itself in two ways; firstly, through the substituting of dream-thoughts, so that dreams can appear absurd and illogical and, secondly through shifting meanings – an image may possess one meaning in one nights dream and another on a different night. Melanie Klein, for instance, in her essay â€Å"Psychological Principles of Early Analysis† (1991) offers us some interesting insights into how displacement works in something other than the dream; the child at play. â€Å"My analyses again and again reveal how many different things, dolls for example, can mean in play. Sometimes they stand for the penis, sometimes for the child stolen from the mother, sometimes for the little patient itself etc.† (Klein, 1991: 134) Both condensation and displacement have been used as the basis for theories of Surrealist aesthetics, as Carrouges and Prendergast assert in their study Andre Breton and the Basic Concepts of Surrealism (1974: 192) which uses seemingly disparate images juxtaposed in order to create an illogical, dream-like tableaux. Representation Representation refers to the dreamworks tendency to present feelings, repressions and notions as images and symbols. Unlike many pre-Freudian systems of dream interpretation such symbolisation is centred, to a very large extent, around the dreamers own personal history and psychology. However as I have already stated there are, due to the inter-subjective nature of the psyche, recurring symbols and motifs that can be found in a great many peoples dreams. Richard Stevens in his Freud and Psychoanalysis (1983) mentions just a few of them: â€Å"small boxes, chests, cupboards and ovens correspond to the female organ; also cavities, ships and all kinds of vessels. The actions of climbing ladders, stairs, inclines or flying may be used to symbolise sexual intercourse; having a haircut, tooth pulled or being beheaded, castration.† (Stevens, 1983: 33) Secondary Revision Secondary revision refers to the mental processes that occur after the dreamer awakes and that organises and places the otherwise absurd and disparate images and themes into a, relatively, cohesive narrative. Wollheim points to there being doubt in Freuds later work as to the place of secondary revision within the dreamwork (Wollhein, 1971: 69) but, as a concept, it has been important in many neo-Freudian systems of aesthetics especially, as Charles Altman points out in his essay â€Å"Psychoanalysis and Cinema† (1986: 526), by the French school of film critics who saw it as, not so much an integral part of the dreamwork, but as the main constituent in narrative formation and the audience/film dialectic. Jung On Dreams Dreams play as important a role in the work of Carl Jung as Sigmund Freud (Fordham, 1964) however the former not only sees their place in the psychical economy differently but has, as he explains in Man and his Symbols (1964), created an entirely separate process of interpretation and translation. Jung disagreed with Freuds notion of the dreamwork and his method of free association whereby the analysand recalls a dream and lets their mind wander through the myriad of different unconscious connections only to be unravelled and assessed by the analyst. For Jung, this process is likely to uncover neuroses and repression but is unlikely to uncover them connected with the dream. For Jung, the further away from the central motifs of the dream-image one gets the further away one travels from the locus of their meaning. Therefore, under a Jungian system, dreams consist not of personal motifs of repression returning through the dreamwork but as expressions of either the personal or collective unconscious. The method of extracting the meaning from dreams is centred around the correct reading of such symbols and an evaluation of how they relate to either the dreamers personal or their phyllogenetic background, as Jung himself asserts: â€Å"Dreams are impartial, spontaneous products of the unconscious psyche, outside the control of the will. They are pure nature, they show us unvarnished, natural truth, and are therefore fitted, as nothing else is, to give us back an attitude that accords with our basic human nature.† (Jung, 1989: 55) Jung viewed the waking, conscious perceptions as having a penumbra of associated psychical meanings (Jung, 1964: 28), even the very simplest of actions, for instance seeing or hearing, can involve a gamut of other ideational and experiential relations and it is this that we witness in dreams; the whole of our unconscious unfettered by the ordering, the siphoning and the categorisation of the conscious mind. For Jung, then, the absurd quality of dreams, their surreal nature comes not from intervention of the dreamwork but from the cultural and personal associations attached to perceptions and experiences. Thomas On Dreams Both Freuds and Jungs systems of dream interpretation offer us important critical tools with which to view Dylan Thomas Under Milk Wood both in terms of the images and symbols the playwright uses in order to convey the sense of the somatic and the dream-like and his use of surrealism as a semi-comic trope throughout the piece. The play begins in the collective dream of the town. Just like the short story Quite Early One Morning, the audience is taken on a journey through the consciousnesses of the sleeping townsfolk as they dream their separate dreams, shaped (as both Freud and Jung assert) by their individual consciousnesses and personalities. Captain Cat, for example, experiences the return of the repressed guilt he feels towards his long dead shipmates: â€Å"Captain Cat, the retired blind sea-captain, asleep in his bunk in the seashelled, ship-in-bottled, shipshape best cabin of Schooner House dreams of Second Voice: never such seas as any that swamped the decks of the S.S. Kidwelly bellying over bedclothes and jellyfish-slippery sucking him down salt deep into the Davy dark† (Thomas, 2000: 2) Thomas, here, reflects both Freudian and Jungian dream analysis as Captain Cats dreams abound with symbols of his past and are unmistakably suffuse with the characters own visual lexicon, what Jung calls the â€Å"dream language† (Jung, 1986: 33). The same can be said of Dai Bread who dreams of â€Å"harems†, Polly Garter who dreams of â€Å"babies† and even Nogood Boyo who dreams of â€Å"nothing†. However, within the very text of Under Milk Wood we notice each one of the four elements of the Freudian dreamwork. The dense language is a clear instance of condensation: the vital elements of the imagistic leitmotifs are extracted and pile one on top of another, as adjective combines with adjective to form the quintessentially Thomasian poetics, such as here where the playwright draws a finely tuned portrait of Mrs Dai Bread One, the wife of the baker: â€Å"Me, Mrs Dai Bread One, capped and shawled and no old corset, nice to be comfy, nice to be nice, clogging on the cobbles to stir up a neighbour. Oh, Mrs Sarah, can you spare a loaf, love? Dai Bread forgot the bread. Theres a lovely morning! Hows your boils this morning?† (Thomas, 2000: 22) Thomas both describes the sense of a dream here and, through condensation, utilizes its mechanism. Words and phrases are juxtaposed and their meaning condensed in a way that mirrors almost exactly the workings of Freuds dreamwork. We see this reflected many times throughout the narrative of Under Milk Wood, as the author evokes in a linguistic sense what Freud saw in a psychoanalytic sense. We see, for example a clear literary rendering of displacement in the absurd portrait of Cherry Owen as described by the Second Voice: â€Å"Cherry Owen, next door, lifts a tankard to his lips but nothing flows out of it. He shakes the tankard. It turns into a fish. He drinks the fish.† (Thomas, 2000: 13) Here the incongruous image of a fish replaces or displaces the tankard that Cherry Owen drinks from adding to the dreamy quality of the early passages of the play. As a cultural symbol, the fish also mirrors the third of the Freudian mechanisms, representation, whereby a linguistic notion â€Å"He drinks like a fish† is rendered in a quasi-comic symbolic form. Of course, the ultimate use of dreams and dreaming in Under Milk Wood is the plot itself. Both Freud and Jung rely heavily on the concept of the return within their respective dream philosophies (Stevens, 1983; Fordham, 1964) and this is reflected in the very structure of the play that could, after all, be thought of as merely the manifest dream-content of the First Voice, or perhaps even Thomas himself. Like a dream, the text iterates, as we shall see in the next chapter, the same basic images and archetypes; the symbols are at once full of meaning in themselves and signifiers for other things. The First Voice can be seen as the voice of God but also of secondary revision, knitting disparate elements together to form a narrative that can be followed and engaged with. As the characters awake, their lives, as they are described by the First and Second voice, are shown to be no less absurd than the irrationality of their dreams. This is perhaps because the entire play can itself be seen as a dream of the authors in which he creates, as he states in a letter to A.G. Prys Jones, â€Å"a never-never Wales† (Thomas, 1985: 848) that, like its Peter Pan counterpart, is as much a manifest wish of its author as anything else. Chapter Three: The Shadow, T

gattom Great Gatsby Essays: The Character of Tom Buchanan :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Character of Tom Buchanan in The Great Gatsby Out of the five main characters in the Great Gatsby, I disliked Tom Buchanan the most ( however his wife Daisy was a close second). He just didn't seem like he was a nice person, and he also seemed extremely self-absorbed. I don't believe that he and I would choose the same values that we would consider important in guiding our lives. One of Tom's important values is wealth. He was very rich and thought that it made him superior to other people. He enjoys showing off his possessions, " I've got a nice place here. It belonged to the Demaine oil man" (Great Gatsby, 12). In this case, Tom is showing Nick his house and obviously thinks that because it belonged to the Demaine oil man that it makes it a little more important. Tom thinks that poor people are inferior to him and he is quite the snob. He is from old money and often refers to the newly rich as " bootleggers", people who distributed alcohol during prohibition. Tom doesn't think much of Gatsby , and claims that he pegged him as a bootlegger the moment he saw him. When Daisy tells Tom that she is leaving him for Gatsby he says, " She's not leaving me! Certainly not for a common swindler who'd have to steal the ring to put on her finger!" ( 140). Later, Tom even sends Daisy home with Gatsby, adding that his presumptous flirtation was over. Power and control over people is something that Tom considers important in guiding his life. Throughout the novel he has shown, time and time again that he is the type of person who likes to control others and what they do. Sometimes he is nothing more than a bully and other times he is just cruel.He often talks to George Wilson, his mistress' husband about selling him his car, which he never actually intends to do. He is simply toying with the man, but becomes angry when Wilson tries to talk to him about it: " Very well then , I won't sell you the car at all... I'm under no obligations to you at all...And as for your bothering me about it at lunch time I won't stand for that at all!" (122). Tom was being extemely cruel at that moment because Wilson needed the money that would come from the car and Tom didn't care.

Costcos Unorthodox Management Essay -- Costcos Success

The success of a company all falls on the shoulders of good management. If you have great management the company will run very smoothly. There are so many things that take place when you have good management. It encourages initiative, encourages innovation, helps with growth and expansion, improves the life of workers, motivates employees and much more. Without good management there would be no success. Costco is the company that I have chosen to write about in this essay. Costco is a membership only warehouse club that provides a huge merchandise selection. They are the second largest retailer in United States. Costco had 2.3 million members in 2009 and in the year of 2011 they had four million members sign up. It’s not just their attractive bargains that persuade people to become a member. It is also their management style. It is the environment at Costco and the attitude of the company that also sells them on a membership. Costco is a very successful company that will continue to rise and become even more successful in the future, all because of the management. It is inevitable that Costco has to have a great management style because the company is so large and is doing so well. How do they keep the company running great though? How do they keep their employees and customers happy, while making money at the same time? In this essay we will find out how the CEO’s and managers run this company. We will learn the style of management and how Costco keeps the employees and customers happy. â€Æ' Costco Wholesale was founded on September 15, 1983 by Jeffery H. Brottman and James Sinegal. There are fifteen people on the board of directors, Jeffery H. Brottman is the chairman at Costco whole sale. He is on the board of director ... ... customers, it all improves Costco that much more. The management at Costco has made their success soar sky high. The success is still rising today. With their great management that is being instilled, Costco’s success will continue to progress. In conclusion, I believe that the board of director’s ways of managing this company is brilliant. They have great technique’s that will continue to carry the company to the top. All of these techniques that Costco uses are the reasoning behind their success. This is why I believe their success will only progress. They are great to their employees, customers and partners and that is why their company will do even better in the future. Works Cited http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=83830&p=irol-homeprofile https://www.openforum.com/articles/what-costco-ceo-james-sinegal-can-teach-you-about-management/ Costco's Unorthodox Management Essay -- Costco's Success The success of a company all falls on the shoulders of good management. If you have great management the company will run very smoothly. There are so many things that take place when you have good management. It encourages initiative, encourages innovation, helps with growth and expansion, improves the life of workers, motivates employees and much more. Without good management there would be no success. Costco is the company that I have chosen to write about in this essay. Costco is a membership only warehouse club that provides a huge merchandise selection. They are the second largest retailer in United States. Costco had 2.3 million members in 2009 and in the year of 2011 they had four million members sign up. It’s not just their attractive bargains that persuade people to become a member. It is also their management style. It is the environment at Costco and the attitude of the company that also sells them on a membership. Costco is a very successful company that will continue to rise and become even more successful in the future, all because of the management. It is inevitable that Costco has to have a great management style because the company is so large and is doing so well. How do they keep the company running great though? How do they keep their employees and customers happy, while making money at the same time? In this essay we will find out how the CEO’s and managers run this company. We will learn the style of management and how Costco keeps the employees and customers happy. â€Æ' Costco Wholesale was founded on September 15, 1983 by Jeffery H. Brottman and James Sinegal. There are fifteen people on the board of directors, Jeffery H. Brottman is the chairman at Costco whole sale. He is on the board of director ... ... customers, it all improves Costco that much more. The management at Costco has made their success soar sky high. The success is still rising today. With their great management that is being instilled, Costco’s success will continue to progress. In conclusion, I believe that the board of director’s ways of managing this company is brilliant. They have great technique’s that will continue to carry the company to the top. All of these techniques that Costco uses are the reasoning behind their success. This is why I believe their success will only progress. They are great to their employees, customers and partners and that is why their company will do even better in the future. Works Cited http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=83830&p=irol-homeprofile https://www.openforum.com/articles/what-costco-ceo-james-sinegal-can-teach-you-about-management/